It looks like I was a little bit too fast saying that dnscrypt is responsible for the issue – it turned out that is wasn’t and just looked like it was. 
To solve the issue I had to do the following.
- set the data/wifi sliders to max (depending on the type of the connection)
- switch to automatically download and install updates.
- stop the app from the Android settings
- clear the cache
Now the icons/images should be visible.