You can’t. This happened to me in the past. If you’re already login in some different device but can’t access any such device (or uninstalled the TG client) then it’s impossible to get codes even if try login TG on browser. Because TG always sends codes to login devices via TG, the SMS option doesn’t work.
But install Telegram X which is the only Android client based on TDLib. It can send you actual SMS code to your phone number 